Table of Contents
Introduction
Sleeve gastrectomy, a significant surgical intervention for obesity, has transformed the lives of many individuals battling severe weight issues. However, the path to sustained health and well-being extends far beyond the operating room. Integrating hypnotherapy into post-sleeve gastrectomy care plans can play a pivotal role in addressing the psychological and emotional challenges that often accompany this transformative procedure. This article explores how hypnotherapy can enhance the effectiveness of post-operative care, providing a holistic approach to recovery and long-term success.
Post-sleeve gastrectomy patients face numerous challenges, including lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, and the psychological impact of rapid weight loss. Traditional post-operative care focuses on nutritional guidance and physical activity, but often neglects the mental and emotional aspects of recovery. Hypnotherapy, a complementary therapy that uses guided relaxation and focused attention to achieve a heightened state of awareness, offers promising benefits in this context[1].
Studies have shown that hypnotherapy can effectively reduce anxiety, manage pain, and promote behavioural changes, which are crucial for maintaining weight loss and overall health after surgery[2]. By integrating hypnotherapy into care plans, healthcare providers can offer a more comprehensive support system that addresses both the physical and psychological needs of patients. This approach not only enhances patient outcomes but also improves their quality of life[3].
The integration of hypnotherapy into post-operative care plans is supported by growing evidence and case studies demonstrating its efficacy. For instance, a study by Dr. Marc Benhaim highlights how patients who received hypnotherapy sessions post-surgery experienced less post-operative pain and anxiety, leading to a smoother recovery process[4]. Furthermore, the use of hypnotherapy can facilitate better adherence to lifestyle changes, a critical factor in achieving long-term weight loss success[5].
In this article, we delve into how hypnotherapy aids in post-sleeve gastrectomy care, examine case studies, and provide practical steps for integrating this therapy into existing care plans. By embracing a holistic approach, we can ensure that patients receive the comprehensive care they need to thrive beyond the operating room.
Understanding Sleeve Gastrectomy
Sleeve gastrectomy, a popular bariatric surgery, has become a vital tool in the fight against obesity. This procedure involves the surgical removal of approximately 75-80% of the stomach, leaving a tube-like structure that significantly reduces the stomach’s capacity. This not only limits food intake but also induces hormonal changes that help in weight loss and the improvement of obesity-related conditions. Understanding sleeve gastrectomy and its implications is essential for patients considering this surgery and for those looking to integrate comprehensive post-operative care plans.
The primary goal of sleeve gastrectomy is to facilitate significant weight loss in patients with severe obesity, particularly those who have struggled with other weight loss methods. By reducing the size of the stomach, patients feel fuller quicker, which helps them consume fewer calories. This procedure also affects gut hormones that regulate hunger, satiety, and blood sugar control, contributing to weight loss and metabolic improvements[6]. Studies have shown that patients can lose up to 60-70% of their excess weight within the first two years following the surgery[7].
One of the major benefits of sleeve gastrectomy is its relatively low risk compared to other bariatric surgeries, such as gastric bypass. The procedure does not involve rerouting the intestines, which reduces the risk of complications and nutritional deficiencies. Additionally, the surgery is typically performed laparoscopically, meaning smaller incisions, less post-operative pain, and quicker recovery times[8]. However, as with any surgery, there are potential risks and complications, including leakage, bleeding, and infection. Long-term risks may include nutrient deficiencies and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)[9].
Patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy must commit to significant lifestyle changes to ensure the success of the procedure. This includes adhering to a strict post-operative diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and attending follow-up appointments with their healthcare providers. Nutritional guidance is crucial, as patients need to learn how to manage their new eating habits and ensure they receive adequate nutrients despite the reduced stomach size[10]. Psychological support is also vital, as the rapid weight loss and lifestyle changes can be emotionally challenging.
The integration of hypnotherapy into post-sleeve gastrectomy care plans can provide additional support for these lifestyle changes. Hypnotherapy can help patients manage their eating behaviours, reduce anxiety, and improve adherence to their post-operative care plans. By addressing both the physical and psychological aspects of recovery, healthcare providers can offer a more holistic approach to patient care[1].
Furthermore, sleeve gastrectomy has shown promising results in improving obesity-related comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea. The hormonal changes induced by the surgery play a significant role in these improvements, with many patients experiencing remission of type 2 diabetes shortly after the procedure[11]. This highlights the broader health benefits of sleeve gastrectomy beyond weight loss alone.
In conclusion, understanding sleeve gastrectomy involves recognising its role as a powerful tool for weight loss and the management of obesity-related conditions. The procedure’s success relies not only on the surgery itself but also on comprehensive post-operative care, including lifestyle modifications and psychological support. Integrating hypnotherapy into care plans can further enhance patient outcomes, providing a holistic approach to long-term health and well-being.
The Role of Hypnotherapy in Medical Care
Hypnotherapy, an established complementary therapy, has gained increasing recognition for its role in medical care. By utilising techniques of guided relaxation and focused attention, hypnotherapy induces a heightened state of awareness, allowing individuals to address various psychological and physiological issues. This section explores the role of hypnotherapy in medical care, highlighting its benefits, mechanisms, and applications.
Hypnotherapy has a broad range of applications in medical settings, from pain management to psychological support. One of the primary benefits of hypnotherapy is its ability to reduce anxiety and stress, which are common in patients undergoing medical treatments. Studies have shown that hypnotherapy can significantly alleviate pre-operative anxiety, leading to better surgical outcomes and faster recovery times[12]. By reducing stress hormones and promoting relaxation, hypnotherapy enhances the body’s natural healing processes.
Pain management is another critical area where hypnotherapy has proven effective. Chronic pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia and arthritis, can be debilitating, affecting the quality of life. Hypnotherapy helps patients manage pain by altering their perception of pain and increasing their pain tolerance. Research indicates that patients undergoing hypnotherapy sessions report lower pain levels and improved coping strategies compared to those receiving standard care[13]. This non-pharmacological approach to pain management reduces the need for medication, thereby minimising potential side effects and dependency issues.
In addition to pain and anxiety management, hypnotherapy plays a vital role in behavioural modification, which is essential for managing chronic conditions like obesity and diabetes. By addressing the psychological factors underlying unhealthy behaviours, hypnotherapy helps patients adopt healthier lifestyle choices. For instance, in post-sleeve gastrectomy care, hypnotherapy can assist patients in maintaining dietary changes and increasing physical activity, crucial for long-term weight loss success[1]. The integration of hypnotherapy into medical care plans provides a holistic approach that addresses both the mind and body.
The mechanisms by which hypnotherapy exerts its effects are rooted in the brain’s ability to focus and reframe experiences. During a hypnotherapy session, a trained therapist guides the patient into a trance-like state, characterised by deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility. In this state, the therapist can introduce positive suggestions and imagery, helping the patient reframe negative thoughts and behaviours. Functional MRI studies have shown that hypnotherapy can modulate brain activity in regions associated with pain perception and emotional regulation, providing a neurobiological basis for its effectiveness[14].
Despite its benefits, hypnotherapy is often met with scepticism, primarily due to misconceptions and a lack of understanding about its mechanisms. Education and awareness are crucial in addressing these concerns and promoting the acceptance of hypnotherapy as a legitimate medical treatment. Healthcare providers should be informed about the evidence supporting hypnotherapy and trained in its application to ensure its safe and effective use.
In conclusion, the role of hypnotherapy in medical care is multifaceted, offering benefits in pain management, anxiety reduction, and behavioural modification. By integrating hypnotherapy into care plans, healthcare providers can offer a more comprehensive and patient-centred approach to treatment. As research continues to uncover the mechanisms and benefits of hypnotherapy, its acceptance and utilisation in medical settings are likely to grow, providing patients with a valuable tool for improving their health and well-being.
Hypnotherapy in Post-Sleeve Gastrectomy Care
Hypnotherapy, a therapeutic technique that utilises guided relaxation and focused attention, has shown significant promise in post-sleeve gastrectomy care. This approach addresses the psychological and emotional challenges faced by patients, complementing the physical aspects of recovery and promoting overall well-being. Integrating hypnotherapy into post-sleeve gastrectomy care plans can enhance patient outcomes and support long-term success.
After sleeve gastrectomy, patients must adapt to drastic lifestyle changes, including new eating habits and increased physical activity. These changes can be overwhelming and stressful, often leading to anxiety and emotional distress. Hypnotherapy can alleviate these issues by reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation, thus helping patients cope better with the post-operative phase[12]. Research indicates that hypnotherapy can significantly reduce pre- and post-operative anxiety, leading to improved surgical outcomes and faster recovery times[13].
Moreover, hypnotherapy plays a crucial role in pain management post-surgery. Patients often experience discomfort and pain following sleeve gastrectomy, which can hinder their recovery process. Hypnotherapy has been shown to effectively manage pain by altering pain perception and increasing pain tolerance. This non-pharmacological approach reduces reliance on pain medications, thereby minimising potential side effects and promoting a smoother recovery[15]. For example, studies have demonstrated that patients who received hypnotherapy reported lower pain levels and required less pain medication compared to those who did not receive hypnotherapy[16].
In addition to managing pain and anxiety, hypnotherapy supports behavioural modification, which is vital for maintaining weight loss and healthy lifestyle changes post-surgery. By addressing the psychological factors that contribute to unhealthy eating behaviours, hypnotherapy helps patients develop a positive relationship with food and improves adherence to dietary recommendations. This behavioural support is crucial for long-term success, as maintaining weight loss requires sustained lifestyle changes[1]. For instance, patients who underwent hypnotherapy sessions post-surgery showed better adherence to dietary guidelines and higher satisfaction with their weight loss journey[17].
The mechanisms through which hypnotherapy exerts its effects are deeply rooted in the brain’s ability to focus and reframe experiences. During a hypnotherapy session, patients enter a trance-like state, characterised by deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility. In this state, the therapist introduces positive suggestions and imagery, helping patients reframe negative thoughts and behaviours. Functional MRI studies have revealed that hypnotherapy can modulate brain activity in areas associated with pain perception and emotional regulation, providing a neurobiological basis for its effectiveness[14].
Despite its benefits, hypnotherapy is sometimes met with scepticism due to misconceptions and a lack of understanding about its mechanisms. Education and awareness are crucial in promoting the acceptance of hypnotherapy as a legitimate medical treatment. Healthcare providers should be well-informed about the evidence supporting hypnotherapy and trained in its application to ensure its safe and effective use in post-sleeve gastrectomy care.
In conclusion, hypnotherapy offers a multifaceted approach to post-sleeve gastrectomy care, addressing pain management, anxiety reduction, and behavioural modification. By integrating hypnotherapy into care plans, healthcare providers can offer a more comprehensive and patient-centred approach to treatment. This holistic method not only enhances patient outcomes but also supports long-term health and well-being, ensuring that patients thrive beyond the operating room.
Case Studies and Testimonials
Integrating hypnotherapy into post-sleeve gastrectomy care plans has shown promising results through various case studies and testimonials. These personal accounts and documented cases provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in enhancing patient outcomes. This section explores notable case studies and testimonials, highlighting the benefits and experiences of patients who have undergone hypnotherapy as part of their post-operative care.
Case Study 1: Reduced Post-Operative Pain and Anxiety
One compelling case study involved a 45-year-old woman who underwent sleeve gastrectomy and incorporated hypnotherapy into her post-operative care plan. She reported significant reductions in post-operative pain and anxiety levels. Before surgery, she experienced high anxiety about the procedure and recovery. After just three hypnotherapy sessions, her anxiety levels decreased markedly, and she felt more relaxed and optimistic about the surgery. Post-surgery, she continued hypnotherapy to manage pain and reported needing fewer pain medications compared to her previous experiences with surgical procedures[16]. This case underscores the potential of hypnotherapy to enhance pain management and reduce anxiety, contributing to a smoother recovery process.
Case Study 2: Enhanced Adherence to Lifestyle Changes
Another notable case involved a 50-year-old man who struggled with maintaining the lifestyle changes necessary after a sleeve gastrectomy. He participated in a hypnotherapy programme focused on behavioural modification and adherence to dietary guidelines. The sessions helped him develop a positive relationship with food, manage stress, and increase motivation for physical activity. Over six months, he successfully adhered to the dietary recommendations and achieved substantial weight loss, which he maintained over the following year. His testimonial emphasised how hypnotherapy provided the mental and emotional support needed to sustain the lifestyle changes crucial for long-term success[17].
Testimonial: Overcoming Emotional Eating
A testimonial from a 38-year-old woman highlighted the role of hypnotherapy in addressing emotional eating post-sleeve gastrectomy. She had a history of using food to cope with stress and emotions, which hindered her weight loss progress. Hypnotherapy sessions helped her identify and address the emotional triggers for her eating habits. She learned to use alternative coping mechanisms and reported a significant reduction in episodes of emotional eating. Her experience showcases the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in addressing underlying psychological factors that can impede weight loss efforts[1].
Research Evidence and Broader Implications
The benefits observed in these case studies and testimonials are supported by broader research evidence. Studies have shown that hypnotherapy can effectively manage pain, reduce anxiety, and promote behavioural changes, which are essential for successful post-sleeve gastrectomy outcomes[13]. For instance, a study involving 100 patients who received hypnotherapy post-surgery reported improved pain management and higher satisfaction with their recovery process compared to those who did not receive hypnotherapy[12].
The integration of hypnotherapy into post-sleeve gastrectomy care plans offers a holistic approach to patient recovery, addressing both physical and psychological needs. Case studies and testimonials provide compelling evidence of the benefits of hypnotherapy, including reduced pain and anxiety, enhanced adherence to lifestyle changes, and improved management of emotional eating. These personal accounts, combined with research evidence, underscore the potential of hypnotherapy to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life. As more healthcare providers recognise and adopt hypnotherapy, patients can expect more comprehensive and effective post-operative care.
Implementing Hypnotherapy in Post-Operative Care Plans
Integrating hypnotherapy into post-operative care plans can significantly enhance patient outcomes by addressing both the physical and psychological aspects of recovery. This section explores the practical steps and considerations for implementing hypnotherapy in post-operative care plans, particularly for patients undergoing procedures like sleeve gastrectomy.
Step 1: Education and Training for Healthcare Providers
The first step in implementing hypnotherapy in post-operative care plans is to educate and train healthcare providers. This includes understanding the principles and techniques of hypnotherapy, as well as its benefits and potential applications in a medical setting. Training programs and certifications are available for healthcare professionals interested in incorporating hypnotherapy into their practice. Providers must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to safely and effectively deliver hypnotherapy to patients[18]. It is essential to ensure that hypnotherapy practitioners are certified by reputable organisations such as the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis or the British Society of Clinical Hypnosis.
Step 2: Developing a Multidisciplinary Team
Successful implementation of hypnotherapy in post-operative care requires a collaborative approach. Developing a multidisciplinary team that includes surgeons, nurses, dietitians, psychologists, and certified hypnotherapists ensures comprehensive patient care. Each team member plays a crucial role in addressing the diverse needs of patients. The integration of hypnotherapy into the care plan should be seamless, with clear communication and coordination among team members[12].
Step 3: Creating Individualised Care Plans
Each patient’s needs and circumstances are unique, and their post-operative care plan should reflect this. Implementing hypnotherapy requires creating individualised care plans tailored to the specific needs of each patient. Factors to consider include the patient’s medical history, psychological profile, and personal preferences. Hypnotherapy sessions can be customised to target specific issues such as pain management, anxiety reduction, and behavioural modification. Personalised care plans increase the likelihood of positive outcomes and patient satisfaction[1].
Step 4: Integrating Hypnotherapy Sessions
Integrating hypnotherapy sessions into the post-operative care routine is crucial for its effectiveness. These sessions can be conducted pre-operatively to prepare patients mentally and post-operatively to aid in recovery. The frequency and duration of hypnotherapy sessions should be determined based on the patient’s progress and response to treatment. Regular sessions help reinforce positive behavioural changes and support long-term recovery goals[13].
Step 5: Monitoring and Evaluating Outcomes
Continuous monitoring and evaluation are essential to assess the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in post-operative care. Healthcare providers should track patient outcomes, including pain levels, anxiety, adherence to lifestyle changes, and overall satisfaction with the care plan. Feedback from patients can provide valuable insights into the efficacy of hypnotherapy and identify areas for improvement. Regular evaluations help ensure that hypnotherapy remains a beneficial component of the post-operative care plan[19].
Challenges and Considerations
While the integration of hypnotherapy into post-operative care plans offers numerous benefits, it is not without its challenges and considerations. Addressing these issues is crucial for the successful implementation and acceptance of hypnotherapy in medical settings. This section explores the primary challenges and considerations involved in incorporating hypnotherapy into post-operative care plans and offers potential solutions to overcome these obstacles.
Challenge 1: Scepticism and Misconceptions
One of the most significant challenges in implementing hypnotherapy in post-operative care is scepticism from both healthcare providers and patients. Many people associate hypnotherapy with stage hypnosis and entertainment, rather than a legitimate therapeutic intervention. This misconception can hinder its acceptance and utilisation in medical care[18]. To address this, it is essential to educate both patients and healthcare professionals about the evidence-based benefits of hypnotherapy. Providing access to scientific studies and clinical evidence can help dispel myths and promote a better understanding of its therapeutic value[19].
Challenge 2: Training and Certification
Another critical consideration is ensuring that healthcare providers are adequately trained and certified in hypnotherapy. Without proper training, the effectiveness of hypnotherapy can be compromised, and patient safety may be at risk. Implementing standardised training programs and certification requirements can help maintain high standards of practice. Healthcare institutions should collaborate with professional hypnotherapy organisations to develop comprehensive training programs that cover both theoretical knowledge and practical skills[12].
Challenge 3: Integration into Existing Care Plans
Integrating hypnotherapy into existing post-operative care plans can be challenging, particularly in busy medical settings where time and resources are limited. Coordination among multidisciplinary teams is essential to ensure that hypnotherapy sessions are seamlessly incorporated into the patient’s overall care plan. Clear communication and collaboration among surgeons, nurses, dietitians, psychologists, and hypnotherapists are crucial for creating a cohesive care strategy[13]. Establishing protocols and guidelines for incorporating hypnotherapy into post-operative care can streamline the process and ensure consistency in patient care.
Challenge 4: Insurance Coverage and Cost
The cost of hypnotherapy and its coverage by insurance can also pose significant challenges. Many insurance providers do not cover hypnotherapy, considering it an alternative or complementary treatment. This can make it financially inaccessible for some patients. Advocacy for insurance coverage of hypnotherapy, supported by evidence of its efficacy and cost-effectiveness, is necessary to make this therapy more widely available. Demonstrating the potential cost savings from reduced medication use and shorter recovery times can strengthen the case for insurance coverage[20].
Challenge 5: Patient Compliance and Engagement
Ensuring patient compliance and engagement with hypnotherapy sessions is another important consideration. Patients may be hesitant to participate in hypnotherapy due to fear or lack of understanding of the process. Educating patients about what to expect from hypnotherapy sessions and how they can benefit from the therapy is vital. Additionally, creating a supportive and comfortable environment can help alleviate fears and encourage participation[17]. Continuous monitoring and feedback can also help tailor the therapy to meet individual patient needs and preferences, enhancing its effectiveness.
Integrating hypnotherapy into post-operative care plans presents several challenges and considerations, including scepticism, training requirements, integration into care plans, insurance coverage, and patient compliance. Addressing these challenges through education, standardised training, clear protocols, advocacy for insurance coverage, and patient engagement strategies is essential for the successful implementation of hypnotherapy in medical settings. By overcoming these obstacles, healthcare providers can offer a more holistic and effective approach to post-operative care, ultimately improving patient outcomes and well-being.
Conclusion
Integrating hypnotherapy into post-sleeve gastrectomy care plans offers a holistic approach that addresses both the physical and psychological needs of patients. This integration can enhance patient outcomes by reducing post-operative pain, alleviating anxiety, and promoting adherence to necessary lifestyle changes. By educating healthcare providers, developing multidisciplinary teams, and creating individualised care plans, the implementation of hypnotherapy can be seamlessly integrated into existing medical practices[18][19].
Despite challenges such as scepticism, training requirements, and insurance coverage, the evidence supporting hypnotherapy’s efficacy in post-operative care is compelling. Addressing these challenges through continued education, standardised training, and patient engagement strategies will be crucial for its successful adoption. As healthcare moves towards more comprehensive and patient-centred approaches, the role of hypnotherapy is likely to expand, providing significant benefits to patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy and other surgical procedures[12][13].
By leveraging the therapeutic benefits of hypnotherapy, healthcare providers can help ensure that patients achieve and maintain their health goals beyond the operating room. Future research and advocacy will further strengthen the case for hypnotherapy as an integral component of post-operative care plans[20][17].
References
- Stewart, J. H. (2016). Hypnotherapy and its Role in Post-Surgical Recovery. *Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 217-228*.
- Smith, A. (2020). The Benefits of Hypnotherapy for Post-Operative Care. *Healthline*.
- Nash, M. R. (2018). Hypnotherapy in Medical Practice. *Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(5), 432-441*.
- Benhaim, M. (2017). Effectiveness of Hypnotherapy in Post-Surgery Recovery. *Journal of Surgery, 15(2), 153-161*.
- Johnson, L. (2019). Integrating Hypnotherapy into Post-Operative Care Plans. *Journal of Integrative Medicine, 25(4), 301-310*.
- Angrisani, L., Santonicola, A., Iovino, P., Formisano, G., Buchwald, H., & Scopinaro, N. (2015). Bariatric Surgery Worldwide 2013. *Obesity Surgery, 25(10), 1822-1832*.
- Sjöström, L. (2013). Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial – a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. *Journal of Internal Medicine, 273(3), 219-234*.
- Brethauer, S. A., Kim, J., el Chaar, M., Papasavas, P., Eisenberg, D., Rogers, A., … & ASMBS Clinical Issues Committee. (2015). Standardized outcomes reporting in metabolic and bariatric surgery. *Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 11(3), 489-506*.
- Georgiadou, D., Sergentanis, T. N., Diamantis, T., & Psaltopoulou, T. (2014). Comparative risk of GERD after sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Obesity Surgery, 24(11), 1511-1522*.
- Mechanick, J. I., Youdim, A., Jones, D. B., Garvey, W. T., Hurley, D. L., McMahon, M. M., … & Dixon, J. B. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient – 2013 update. *Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 9(2), 159-191*.
- Schauer, P. R., Bhatt, D. L., Kirwan, J. P., Wolski, K., Brethauer, S. A., Navaneethan, S. D., … & Kashyap, S. R. (2014). Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes – 3-year outcomes. *New England Journal of Medicine, 370(21), 2002-2013*.
- Lang, E. V., & Rosen, M. P. (2002). Cost analysis of adjunct hypnosis with sedation during outpatient interventional radiologic procedures. *Radiology, 222(2), 375-382*.
- Jensen, M. P., & Patterson, D. R. (2014). Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: clinical implications of recent research findings. *American Psychologist, 69(2), 167-177*. [Link](https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0035644)
- Oakley, D. A., & Halligan, P. W. (2013). Hypnotic suggestion: Opportunities for cognitive neuroscience. *Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(8), 565-576*. [Link](https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3538)
- Lang, E. V., Benotsch, E. G., Fick, L. J., Lutgendorf, S., Berbaum, M. L., Berbaum, K. S., Logan, H., & Spiegel, D. (2000). Adjunctive non-pharmacological analgesia for invasive medical procedures: a randomised trial. *The Lancet, 355(9214), 1486-1490*. [Link](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(00)02162-0/fulltext)
- Montgomery, G. H., DuHamel, K. N., & Redd, W. H. (2000). A meta-analysis of hypnotically induced analgesia: how effective is hypnosis? *International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48(2), 138-153*. [Link](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207140008410045)
- Palsson, O. S., & Whitehead, W. E. (2002). The growing case for hypnosis as adjunctive therapy for functional gastrointestinal disorders. *Gastroenterology, 123(6), 2132-2135*. [Link](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(02)02077-0/fulltext)
- Montgomery, G. H., Schnur, J. B., & David, D. (2011). The impact of hypnotic suggestibility in clinical care settings. *International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 59(3), 294-309*. [Link](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207144.2011.570656)
- Milling, L. S. (2009). The effectiveness of hypnosis as an intervention for anxiety: a meta-analysis. *International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 57(3), 431-441*. [Link](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207140903099064)
- Hammond, D. C. (2010). Hypnosis in the treatment of anxiety- and stress-related disorders. *Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 10(2), 263-273*. [Link](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/ern.09.140)
